ABSTRACT
In order to study whether the endothelial cells (ECs) with lipid peroxidation induced by diamide can express and secrete macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha), the expression of MIP-1 alpha protein in the cells was detected by cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and that of MIP-1 alpha mRNA was determined by cell in situ hybridization and nuclease S1 protection assay after the ECs were exposed to different concentrations of diamide for 4 h. The chemotactic activity of MIP-1 alpha was tested by micropore filter method using modified Boyden chambers. Cell ELISA showed that the expression of MIP-1 alpha protein in endothelial cells exposed to 1 mumol/L, 5 mumol/L and 10 mumol/L diamide was 1.9-fold, 2.3-fold and 1.7-fold respectively as much as that in the control cells, which was statistically significant by analysis of variance. In situ hybridization revealed that the mRNA expression of ECs treated with 1 mumol/L, 5 mumol/L and 10 mumol/L diamide was 1.3-fold, 3.0-fold and 1.7-fold as much as that in the control group, which had statistical significance (F = 188.93, P < 0.01). The mRNA expression in 5 mumol/L dimide treated ECs, measured by nuclease S1 protection assay, was 3.4-fold as much as that in the control group (t = 8.70, P < 0.05). Chemotactic response(99.50 +/- 4.31 microns) to the culture medium conditioned by 5 mumol/L diamide treated ECs, which was stronger than that(66.47 +/- 3.25 microns) conditioned by the ECs (F = 404.31, P < 0.05), was significantly decreased (F = 192.25, P < 0.05) after adding MIP-1 alpha antibody. It suggests that diamide, a lipid peroxidation inducer, could stimulate ECs to produce high level of MIP-1 alpha, and might play an important role in atherogenesis by promoting the migration of peripheral blood monocytes into arterial intima.
Subject(s)
Cells, Cultured , Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/physiology , Diamide/pharmacology , Endothelium, Vascular/cytology , Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism , Lipid Peroxidation , Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/biosynthesis , Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Sulfhydryl Reagents/pharmacology , Umbilical Veins/cytologyABSTRACT
Effect of chloride and diamide on testicular and epididymal angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity was investigated using Hip-His-Leu as substrate in sheep. The chloride ions functioned as ACE activators, however, there was no linear correlation between the two. The optimum chloride concentrations were 500 mM for epididymal ACE and 900-1100 mM for testicular ACE. Further, optimum chloride concentration increased ACE activity of testis and epididymis 25.40- folds and 12.84- folds respectively of the activities at physiological chloride concentration. The differences found in the effect of chloride on testicular and epididymal ACE activity suggest dissimilar three dimensional structure of ACE in these tissues. Increased testicular and epididymal ACE activity on diamide pretreatment indicates that tissue oxidation may affect ACE activity.
Subject(s)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism , Animals , Chlorides/pharmacology , Diamide/pharmacology , Epididymis/drug effects , Male , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism , Sheep , Sulfhydryl Reagents/pharmacology , Testis/drug effectsABSTRACT
Neutral invertase from nodules of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was isolated and purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel filtration and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The purified enzyme was stable between 0 to 40 degrees C beyond which it was irreversibly denatured. Optimum temperature and pH of the enzyme were 37 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. K(m) for sucrose was 14.2 mM and Vmax was 4.8 mumole hr-1. The enzyme was inhibited by several metal ions. From the temperature effect on K(m) and Vmax values, the energy of activation (Ea), enthalpy change (delta H) and entropy change (delta S) of the enzyme were calculated to be 147 kJmol-1, -4.10 kJmol-1 and -2.33 JK-1mol-1, respectively. By employing photo-oxidation and chemical modification and by studying the effect of pH on K(m) and Vmax, the involvement of sulphydryl-, imidazole- and alpha-amino groups in the active site of the enzyme has been indicated.
Subject(s)
Binding Sites , Cations/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Enzyme Stability , Fabaceae/enzymology , Glycoside Hydrolases/antagonists & inhibitors , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Kinetics , Plants, Medicinal , Sulfhydryl Reagents/pharmacology , Thermodynamics , beta-FructofuranosidaseABSTRACT
Isatin (2,3-dioxoindole) competitively inhibited (27-40%) Na(+)-dependent L-lysine uptake in rat intestine. The value of Kt was increased from 3.04 mM in control to 5.88 mM in presence of 10 mM isatin. Effect of isatin on the Na(+)-independent amino acid uptake was insignificant (12-18%). The inhibitory constant (Ki) was 2.8 mM under these conditions. The observed inhibition was unaffected by -SH group reacting agents. Isatin (1-10 mM) inhibited Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity in intestine in vitro, the maximum inhibition (66%) being at 10 mM isatin concentration. But the drug had no effect on enzyme activity under in vivo conditions.
Subject(s)
Animals , Biological Transport/drug effects , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Isatin/pharmacology , Kinetics , Lysine/metabolism , Rats , Sodium/pharmacology , Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/antagonists & inhibitors , Sulfhydryl Reagents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Inactivation of mung bean glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) with excess iodoacetate or N-ethylmaleimide exhibits pseudo-first order kinetics at pH 7.3 and 8.6 in the absence and presence of NAD+, suggesting that all the reactive SH groups (four per tetrameric GPDH molecule) have equivalent reactivity towards these reagents. This is similar to the D2-symmetry conformation proposed on the basis of thermal inactivation data [Malhotra and Srinivasan, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 236, 775-781 (1985)]. With p-chloromercury benzoate (p-CMB), the inactivation of GPDH is very fast and its kinetics can be monitored at low reagent concentration only. Keeping a high molar p-CMB: enzyme ratio (= 47), the kinetics were found to be biphasic, with half of the activity being lost in a fast and the remaining in a slow phase, characteristic of C2-symmetry conformation and half site reactivity. The p-CMB inactivation could be largely reversed on the addition of excess cysteine. A comparison of these data with literature reports on this and other GPDHs reveals that all reagents having large non-polar moieties exhibit half site reactivity with this enzyme.
Subject(s)
Animals , Chloromercuribenzoates/pharmacology , Ethylmaleimide/pharmacology , Fabaceae/enzymology , Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/antagonists & inhibitors , Kinetics , Plants/enzymology , Plants, Medicinal , Protein Conformation , Rabbits , Rats , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology , Sulfhydryl Reagents/pharmacology , Swine , p-Chloromercuribenzoic AcidABSTRACT
A mitochondrial pyrophosphatase (PPase) from yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was studied and characterized. The hydrolytic activity towards inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) was inhibited by different SH-reagents and increased in the presence of uncouplers, indicating a possible involvement of this enzyme in energy-linked processes. This view was also supported by the observation that these mitochondria were able to hydrolyze PPi, generating an electrical membrane potential (delta psi) of the same magnitude as that obtained with ATP. Both ATP and PPi inhibited the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and it was demonstrated that PPi can be used as substrate by mitochondrial kinases leading to the same pattern of protein phosphorylation as when ATP is used
Subject(s)
Diphosphates/metabolism , Mitochondria/enzymology , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology , Hydrolysis , Mitochondria/drug effects , Pyrophosphatases/drug effects , Pyrophosphatases/metabolism , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/drug effects , Sulfhydryl Reagents/pharmacology , Uncoupling Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Several SH reagents, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB), p-chloromercuribenzene sulphonate (PCMBS) and monoiodoacetic acid (MIAA) changed the wave form and the peak of the amplitude of the photoresponse remarkably. The effects of amino group modifying reagents, ethyl acetimidate (EA) and isethinyl acetimidate (ITA) on photoresponse were very slight. The possibility of a SH protein as cGMP-sensitive cation channel protein is discussed.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dark Adaptation , Light , Photic Stimulation , Photoreceptor Cells/drug effects , Rana catesbeiana , Retina/drug effects , Signal Transduction/physiology , Sulfhydryl Reagents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Exposure of A. viteae microfilariae to various lectins reduced their capacity to react with the peritoneal exudate cells of the host, Mastomys natalensis. Sugars corresponding to these lectins with the exception of N-acetyl glucosamine, did not affect the adhesion per se. They however, protected the parasite against the adverse effect of lectins. Neuraminidase and chitinase also suppressed adhesion capacity of the microfilariae. Except sodium dodecylsulphate which enhanced cell attachment, other surfactants inhibited this reaction considerably. The results indicate that antibody dependent adhesion of the microfilariae with the macrophages involves surface moieties of the parasite, where N-acetylglucosamine acts as the principal sugar residue. Participation of -SH groups also is inferred from the observations that p-chloromercuribenzoate and dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) inhibited cell attachment and dithiothreitol provided protection against these agents.